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Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 40 mm (1.6 in)) Gravel (/ ˈ É¡ r æ v É™l /) is a loose aggregation of rock fragments.Gravel occurs naturally on Earth as a result of sedimentary and erosive geological processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as crushed stone.
In 2023, the aggregate industry in the United States mined and sold 1.5 billion tons of crushed stone valued at more than $24 billion and 920 million tons of construction sand and gravel valued at $11 billion. [1] [2] There are thousands of aggregate-producing companies in the US, operating in each of the 50 states, and employing 105,000 people.
Crushed stone has one of the lowest average by weight values of all mineral commodities. The average unit price increased from US$1.58 per metric ton, f.o.b. plant, in 1970 to US$4.39 in 1990. However, the unit price in constant 1982 dollars fluctuated between US$3.48 and US$3.91 per metric ton for the same period.
Traditionally, it includes natural materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone. As with other types of aggregates, it is a component of composite materials, particularly concrete and asphalt. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world, [1] [2] being a significant part of 6 billion tons of concrete produced per year. [3]
As of 2007, a triple transfer costs a contractor about $105 an hour, while a A/B configuration costs about $85 per hour. Transfer dump trucks typically haul between 26 and 27 short tons (23.6 and 24.5 t; 23.2 and 24.1 long tons) of aggregate per load, each truck is capable of 3–5 loads per day, generally speaking.
A variety of materials have been used as track ballast, including crushed stone, washed gravel, bank run (unwashed) gravel, torpedo gravel (a mixture of coarse sand and small gravel), slag, chats, coal cinders, sand, [3] and burnt clay. [4] The term "ballast" comes from a nautical term for the stones used to stabilize a ship. [1]
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In its 46 years of operations, the machine mined nine tons of gold, dredging 22 buckets of gravel every minute, [2] about 18,000 cubic yards (14,000 m 3) per day. [14] Dredge No. 4 had a much greater capacity than other dredges that were operating in the area, and could sometimes operate through winter.
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