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Information theory. Information theory is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and communication of information. The field was established and put on a firm footing by Claude Shannon in the 1940s, [1] though early contributions were made in the 1920s through the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley.
An industrial electric motor . An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.
v. t. e. Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." [ 1 ]
Statue of Lý Tự Trọng in Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts. Lý Tự Trọng (20 October 1914 in Thailand [1] – 21 November 1931 in Saigon; born Lê Hữu Trọng) was a Vietnamese revolutionary, executed by the French when he was only 17 years old. [2] He is considered to be a revolutionary martyr.
Graph. [] A graph with three vertices and three edges. In one restricted but very common sense of the term, [ 1 ][ 2 ] a graph is an ordered pair comprising: V {\displaystyle V} , a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E ⊆ {{x, y} ∣ x, y ∈ V and x ≠ y} {\displaystyle E\subseteq \ {\ {x,y\}\mid x,y\in V\; {\textrm {and}}\;x\neq ...
Group theory has three main historical sources: number theory, the theory of algebraic equations, and geometry. The number-theoretic strand was begun by Leonhard Euler, and developed by Gauss's work on modular arithmetic and additive and multiplicative groups related to quadratic fields.
A cryptosystem is considered to have information-theoretic security (also called unconditional security[1]) if the system is secure against adversaries with unlimited computing resources and time. In contrast, a system which depends on the computational cost of cryptanalysis to be secure (and thus can be broken by an attack with unlimited ...
Ramsey theory, named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank P. Ramsey, is a branch of the mathematical field of combinatorics that focuses on the appearance of order in a substructure given a structure of a known size. Problems in Ramsey theory typically ask a question of the form: "how big must some structure be to guarantee ...