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This page was last edited on 29 January 2024, at 03:00 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.
Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by repeatable processes inherent to the system. [5] Sources of systematic errors include errors in equipment calibration, uncertainty in correction terms applied during experimental analysis, errors due the use of approximate theoretical models.
For example, if the mean height in a population of 21-year-old men is 1.75 meters, and one randomly chosen man is 1.80 meters tall, then the "error" is 0.05 meters; if the randomly chosen man is 1.70 meters tall, then the "error" is −0.05 meters.
These delayed signals cause measurement errors that are different for each type of GPS signal due to its dependency on the wavelength. [4] A variety of techniques, most notably narrow correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. For long delay multipath, the receiver itself can recognize the wayward signal and discard it.
In order for the F.O.S.M. theory to be strictly applicable, either the input noise distributions need to be Gaussian or the measurement noise standard deviations need to be small relative to rate of change in the output near the solution.
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
Publication of the School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 405 pages. ISBN 978-960-89704-4-1 [1] John Olusegun Ogundare (2018), "Understanding Least Squares Estimation and Geomatics Data Analysis", John Wiley & Sons, 720 pages, ISBN 9781119501404 .