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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, or molly) is a euphoriant, empathogen, and stimulant of the amphetamine class. [124] Briefly used by some psychotherapists as an adjunct to therapy, the drug became popular recreationally and the DEA listed MDMA as a Schedule I controlled substance , prohibiting most medical studies and ...
A motivation-enhancing drug, [2] [3] also known as a pro-motivational drug, [1] is a drug which increases motivation. [4] [1] Drugs enhancing motivation can be used in the treatment of motivational deficits, for instance in depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Use of stimulants may cause the body to significantly reduce its production of endogenous compounds that fulfill similar functions. Once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and dysphoric. This is colloquially termed a "crash" and may promote reuse of the stimulant.
In 2008, stimulants, such as caffeine, were the most commonly used nootropic agent. [15] In 2016, the American Medical Association adopted a policy to discourage prescriptions of nootropics for healthy people, on the basis that the cognitive effects appear to be highly variable among individuals, are dose-dependent, and limited or modest at ...
Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) are a group of synthetic drugs that are chemical derivatives of the parent compound alpha-methylphenethylamine, also known as amphetamine. Common ATS includes amphetamine, methamphetamine , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4 ...
[13] [14] [15] In particular, the classes of stimulants that demonstrate possible cognition-enhancing effects in humans have evidence in vitro as direct agonists or indirect agonists of dopamine receptor D 1 or adrenoceptor A 2. [13] [14] [16] [17] Relatively high doses of stimulants cause cognitive deficits. [16] [17]
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
Drug 3 Drug 4 Polysubstance slang, [2] [3] [4] or brand name Intoxication name Comment Any dissociative: Any dissociative: Void flip Void flipping Any dissociative: DMT: Dime bar, angel flip Dimension flipping, angel flipping Any depressant: Any stimulant: Speedball, powerball, over and under Powerballing, speedballing [5] Any pharmaceutical ...