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1: Heat source 2: Still pot 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate 14: Heating (Oil/sand) bath 15: Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules
This diagram was created with an unknown SVG tool. Rohdaten aus Ernest W. Flick: Industrial Solvents Handbook, Fifth Edition, Noyes Data Corporation (ndc), Westwood, NJ/USA, 1998, S. 252, ISBN 0-8175-1413-1 Invalid ISBN
Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. [76] [81] Mixing ethanol and water is exothermic, with up to 777 J/mol [82] being released at 298 K. Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at −186 °C
English: Solid - liquid phase diagram of ethanol water mixtures (melting points, freezing points) Deutsch: Fest - flüssig - Phasendiagramm von Ethanol/Wasser-Gemischen Français : Diagramme de phase solide - liquide de mélanges eau/éthanol (points de fusion, points de solidification)
In this example, a mixture of 96% ethanol and 4% water boils at 78.2 °C (172.8 °F); the mixture is more volatile than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol–water mixtures. The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus as ...
Excess volume of the mixture of ethanol and water (volume contraction) Heat of mixing of the mixture of ethanol and water Vapor–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including azeotrope) Solid–liquid equilibrium of the mixture of ethanol and water (including eutecticum) Miscibility gap in the mixture of dodecane and ethanol
Phase diagram (left) and process flow diagram (right) of an apparatus for the azeotropic distillation with "material separation agent". In this case the phase diagram includes a zone where components are not miscible, so following the condensation of the azeotrope, it is possible to separate the liquid components through decantation.
ethanol, mainly for alcoholic beverages, fuel additive, solvent, and to sterilize hospital instruments. [26] 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and isobutyl alcohol for use as a solvent and precursor to solvents; C6–C11 alcohols used for plasticizers, e.g. in polyvinylchloride; fatty alcohol (C12–C18), precursors to detergents