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  2. Deception - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception

    Deception is the act of convincing one or many recipients of untrue information. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it (although it is not always the case). [1]

  3. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]

  4. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    Proof by contradiction is similar to refutation by contradiction, [4] [5] also known as proof of negation, which states that ¬P is proved as follows: The proposition to be proved is ¬P. Assume P. Derive falsehood. Conclude ¬P. In contrast, proof by contradiction proceeds as follows: The proposition to be proved is P. Assume ¬P. Derive ...

  5. Illusory truth effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_truth_effect

    The illusory truth effect (also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect) is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. [1] This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University.

  6. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    [88] (opposite of appeal to tradition) Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) [89] Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitatem) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. [90]

  7. Affirmative defense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense

    It can either be proved by clear and convincing evidence or by a preponderance of the evidence. In this respect, affirmative defenses differ from ordinary defenses [claim of right, alibi, infancy, necessity, and self-defense (which is an affirmative defense at common law)], which the prosecution has the burden of disproving beyond a reasonable ...

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  9. Reverse psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_psychology

    He exaggerates his own childishness in order to convince his older cousins to sit at the grown-up table. One of the most famous examples of reverse psychology in popular culture is a gag in the Looney Tunes cartoon Rabbit Fire. While Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck are arguing over whether it's Duck Season or Rabbit Season, Bugs suddenly switches ...