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Myoclonus is usually classified physiologically to optimize treatment. Myoclonus is a precursor effect to myoclonus dystonia and most commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. [4] [5] Myoclonus is classified as cortical, subcortical, peripheral or spinal. Cortical myoclonus is the most common of these four and affects the upper limbs and face.
Tardive myoclonus, a rare disorder, presents as brief jerks of muscles in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities. [13] "AIMS Examination": This test is used when psychotropic medications have been prescribed because people sometimes develop tardive dyskinesia due to prolonged use of antipsychotic medications.
Action myoclonus is the most disabling form of myoclonus and can affect the arms, legs, face, and even the voice. It is often associated with tonic-clonic seizures and diffuse neuronal disease such as post-hypoxic encephalopathy , uremia , and the various forms of PME, although, in the case of focal cerebral damage, the disease may be ...
Causes painful defecation, constipation; may be complicated by encopresis or fecal incontinence. Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) muscles of the neck: Causes the head to rotate to one side, to pull down towards the chest, or back, or a combination of these postures. Blepharospasm: muscles around the eyes
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
[a] Later in 1960 there were reports of akathisia in response to phenothiazines (a related drug). [1] Akathisia is classified as an extrapyramidal side effect along with other movement disorders that can be caused by antipsychotics. [1] In the former Soviet Union, akathisia-inducing drugs were allegedly used as a form of torture.
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BFS can also be caused by long-term use of anticholinergics, [4] and fasciculations may be caused by other drug use or exposure to steroids, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, insecticides and pesticides. [2] Thyroid disease may also cause similar symptoms. [3] Fasciculations can also be caused by deficiencies of magnesium and/or calcium. [6]