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The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per clock cycle in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements seven years later when the i486 (1989) or the original Pentium (1993) were introduced.
A CPU access to the graphics RAM is called a contended access, because the video controller has a higher priority than the CPU. On an access to the graphics RAM, the CPU commonly incurs a slight delay while waiting for the video controller to complete the data reads.
Nehalem / n ə ˈ h eɪ l əm / [1] is the codename for Intel's 45 nm microarchitecture released in November 2008. [2] It was used in the first generation of the Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, and succeeds the older Core microarchitecture used on Core 2 processors. [3]
Similarly to the Pentium II it superseded, the Pentium III was also accompanied by the Celeron brand for lower-end versions, and the Xeon for high-end (server and workstation) derivatives. The Pentium III was eventually superseded by the Pentium 4 , but its Tualatin core also served as the basis for the Pentium M CPUs, which used many ideas ...
Non-local memory access, as the CPU may cache the data. Software run on a CPU with a data cache will exhibit data-dependent timing variations as a result of memory looks into the cache. Conditional jumps. Modern CPUs try to speculatively execute past jumps by guessing. Guessing wrong (not uncommon with essentially random secret data) entails a ...
For high grade CPU/IMC and System Bus testing Aida64 is recommended along with general applications usage like PC Mark 7. Aida has an advantage as it is stability test has been designed for the Sandy Bridge E architecture and test specific functions like AES, AVX and other instruction sets that prime and like synthetics do not touch.
Cache prefetching can be accomplished either by hardware or by software. [3]Hardware based prefetching is typically accomplished by having a dedicated hardware mechanism in the processor that watches the stream of instructions or data being requested by the executing program, recognizes the next few elements that the program might need based on this stream and prefetches into the processor's ...
In 1997, NEC introduced the PC98-NX series as a main personal computer line that conformed to the PC System Design Guide and was Windows-based IBM PC compatible but not DOS/V compatible. [44] The PC-9801's last successor was the Celeron -based PC-9821Ra43 (with a clock frequency of 433 MHz, using a 440FX chipset-based motherboard design from ...