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Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb was the first Muslim ruler to levy ushr. [citation needed] khums (Arabic: خُمْس Arabic pronunciation:) a tax of one-fifth (20%) of wealth acquired as the spoils of war; and, according to most Muslim jurists, other specified types of income, towards various designated beneficiaries. [7]
A considerable number of Muslims accept their duty to pay zakat, but deny that the state has a right to levy it, and they may pay zakat voluntarily while evading official collection. [84] In discretion-based systems of collection, studies suggest zakat is collected from and paid only by a fraction of Muslim population who can pay. [18]
In Sharia (Islamic Law) niṣāb (نِصاب) is the minimum amount of wealth that a Muslim must have before being obliged to give zakat. Zakat is determined based on the amount of wealth acquired; the greater one's assets, the greater the zakat value. Unlike taxable income in secular states, niṣāb is not subject to special exemptions.
The word sadaqa is interchangeably used with zakat and nafaqa in some contexts, [3] but while zakat is obligatory, sadaqa usually refers to voluntary donations. [ 1 ] Zakat is a required minimum contribution by Muslims in terms of money and property or goods that can help Muslims who need assistance, while sadaqah can be in the form of money ...
As-Sadaqat (zakat) are only for the Fuqara' (the poor), and Al-Masākīn (the needy) and those employed to collect (the funds); and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined (towards Islam); and to free the captives; and for those in debt; and for Fi sabilillah (Allah's cause), and for Ibn As-Sabil a duty imposed by Allah. And Allah ...
Zakāt" on Livestock or cattle, Al-An'am Arabic: زكاة الأنعام [30] According to Fiqh az-Zakat by al-Qaradawi [31] and other traditional handbooks of zakat fiqh (such as one issued by IslamKotob, [32]) zakat on livestock such as sheep, cows and camels should be paid in-kind according to a detailed schedule.
The Arabic lexicographer Edward William Lane, after a careful analysis of the etymology of the term "Jizya", says: "The tax that is taken from the free non-Muslim subjects of a Muslim government whereby they ratify the compact that assures them protection, as though it were compensation for not being slain".
The obligatory nature of zakat is firmly established in the Qur'an, the sunnah (or hadith), and the consensus of the companions and the Muslim scholars. Allah states in At-Tawbah : "O ye who believe! there are indeed many among the priests and anchorites, who in Falsehood devour the substance of men and hinder (them) from the way of Allah.