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Describing the emergence of the public sphere in the 18th century, Habermas noted that the public realm, or sphere, originally was "coextensive with public authority", [7] while "the private sphere comprised civil society in the narrower sense, that is to say, the realm of commodity exchange and of social labor". [8]
The medieval representation of the public sphere was linked to the concrete existence of a ruler, for example he referred to the princely seal as a symbol of sovereignty that was considered public. Feudal authorities including church, princes, and nobility began to disintegrated during a long process of polarization and a bourgeois sphere ...
According to Habermas, the notion of the "public sphere" began evolving during the Renaissance in Western Europe.Brought on partially by merchants' need for accurate information about distant markets as well as by the growth of democracy and individual liberty and popular sovereignty, the public sphere was a place between private individuals and government authorities in which people could ...
Members of the public sphere must adhere to certain rules for an "ideal speech situation" to occur. They are: 1. Every subject with the competence to speak and act is allowed to take part in a discourse. 2a. Everyone is allowed to question any assertion whatever. 2b. Everyone is allowed to introduce any assertion whatever into the discourse. 2c.
According to Habermas, a variety of factors resulted in the eventual decay of the public sphere, including the growth of a commercial mass media, which turned the critical public into a passive consumer public; and the welfare state, which merged the state with society so thoroughly that the public sphere was squeezed out.
According to Habermas, the "substantive" (i.e. formally and semantically integrated) rationality that characterized pre-modern worldviews has, since modern times, been emptied of its content and divided into three purely "formal" realms: (1) cognitive-instrumental reason; (2) moral-practical reason; and (3) aesthetic-expressive reason.
Public sphere pedagogy is theoretically grounded in Jürgen Habermas' conceptualization of the public sphere. [citation needed] In his seminal work The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Habermas envisioned the public sphere as an inclusive discursive space in which the citizens of a society gathered, discussed, and debated over the issues of the day. [4]
Habermas' earlier work, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, anticipates his concern for argumentation and can be read retrospectively as a historical case study of Western European societies institutionalizing aspects of communicative action in the political and social spheres. Habermas notes the rise of institutions of public ...