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The quellung reaction, also called the Neufeld reaction, is a biochemical reaction in which antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Bacillus anthracis, Haemophilus influenzae, [1] Escherichia coli, and Salmonella.
Streptococcus pneumoniae can be differentiated from the viridans streptococci, some of which are also alpha-hemolytic, using an optochin test, as S. pneumoniae is optochin-sensitive. S. pneumoniae can also be distinguished based on its sensitivity to lysis by bile, the so-called "bile solubility test".
Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) bacteria. Griffith's experiment, [1] performed by Frederick Griffith and reported in 1928, [2] was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.
For decades, Streptococcus pneumoniae has been considered susceptible to optochin; but some strains have been found to be resistant to optochin in laboratory testing. This is notable because the emergence of optochin-resistant strains would invalidate the distinguishing test described above. [3]
Identifying and diagnosing alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus is done with a sputum gram stain and culture test. [5] Further identification can be done serologically to test for the presence of capsular antigen, which is the dominant structure on the surface of S. pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) display alpha-hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis.
Frederick Griffith (1877–1941) was a British bacteriologist whose focus was the epidemiology and pathology of bacterial pneumonia.In January 1928 he reported what is now known as Griffith's Experiment, the first widely accepted demonstrations of bacterial transformation, whereby a bacterium distinctly changes its form and function.
[1] [9] The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests performed during a given time period can be compiled, usually in the form of a table, to form an antibiogram. [31] [32] Antibiograms help the clinician to select the best empiric antimicrobial therapy based on the local resistance patterns until the laboratory test results are available ...