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The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes , as well as through monocytes , macrophages , and endothelial cells.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. [5] In addition, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase deficiency is an inherited disorder of the immune system. [6] This immunodeficiency leads to recurrent infections caused by the pyogenic bacteria, for example Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not by other infectious agents.
Several rare conditions are due to defects in the innate immune system, which is a basic line of defense that is independent of the more advanced lymphocyte-related systems. Many of these conditions are associated with skin problems. [7] Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 deficiency; IL-12p40 deficiency; Interferon gamma receptor 1 deficiency
Likewise, the action of Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 15 will lead to proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into antibody secreting plasma cells. [12] Lastly, Interleukin 15 helps generate developed and matured natural killer cells. [5] The gene that encodes the common gamma chain in these interleukin receptors is mutated in X-SCID.
Because the common gamma chain is shared by many interleukin receptors, mutations that result in a non-functional common gamma chain cause widespread defects in interleukin signalling. The result is a near complete failure of the immune system to develop and function, with low or absent T cells and NK cells and non-functional B cells.
An immune disorder is a dysfunction of the immune system. [1] These disorders can be characterized in several different ways: By the component(s) of the immune system affected; By whether the immune system is overactive or underactive; By whether the condition is congenital or acquired
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (T h 0 cells) to T h 2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, T h 2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, T h 2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. [4]