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The Via Maris (purple), King's Highway (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE. The King's Highway was a trade route of vital importance in the ancient Near East, connecting Africa with Mesopotamia. It ran from Egypt across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba, then turned northward across Transjordan, to Damascus and the Euphrates ...
Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities to Europe. [citation needed] The trade was changed by the Crusades and later the European Age of Discovery, [4] during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European ...
Pilgrimages that took place during the Crusades include the following. Henry of Portugal. Henry, Count of Portugal (c. 1066 – 1112) fought in the Reconquista with Raymond of St. Gilles and traveled to the Holy Land between 1101 and 1103. The return date is verified by the charters of his father-in-law Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile. [33] Sæwulf.
They faced vast challenges, including having their capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem outside the main trade routes and away from coastal ports. [5] The Crusaders' massacre in Jerusalem created a dramatic change in the composition of the population. Muslims and Jews were murdered or deported and banned from the city. William of Tyre wrote: [6]
The Venetian–Genoese Wars were four conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa which took place between 1256 and 1381. Each was resolved almost entirely through naval clashes, and they were connected to each other by interludes during which episodes of piracy and violence between the two Italian trading communities in the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea were ...
Newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes, and countries opened up borders to allow trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement. Some old trading route were reopened during the modern times, although in different political and logistical scenarios. [90]
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
The new crusaders' motivation was primarily economic: the acquisition of new arable lands and serfs; the control of Baltic trade routes; and the abolishment of the Novgorodian merchants' monopoly of the fur trade. [5] From the early 13th century the military orders provided garrisons in Old Livonia and defended the German commercial centre, Riga.