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The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades (Oxford UP, 1986). Larson, Atria, and Keith Sisson, eds. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution (Brill, 2016) online; Moorhead, John. The Popes and the Church of Rome in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 2015) Noble, Thomas F.X. "The Papacy in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries".
Saint Peter, the first Pope, with the Keys of Heaven.By Francesco del Cossa, currently at the Pinacoteca di Brera.. Papacy in early Christianity was the period in papal history between 30 AD, when according to Catholic doctrine, Saint Peter effectively assumed his pastoral role as the Visible Head of the Church, until the pontificate of Miltiades, in 313, when Peace in the Church began.
15th-century watercolor illustration in Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus. A series of manuscript prophecies concerning the Papacy, under the title of Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus, a Latin text which assembles portraits of popes and prophecies related to them, [1] circulated from the late thirteenth-early fourteenth century, with prophecies concerning popes from Pope Nicholas III onwards.
Since Charlemagne, the realm was merely referred to as the Roman Empire. [35] The term sacrum ("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa ("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the Papacy. [36]
Pope Innocent I (Latin: Innocentius I) was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West.
The Papacy: Its History, Dogmas, Genius, and Prospects — which was awarded a prize by the Evangelical Alliance in 1851. online pdf; The rise, progress, and insidious workings of Jesuitism, (1877), online ebook; The Jesuits: Their Moral Maxims and Plots Against Kings, Nations, and Churches, (1881). The History of Protestantism (1878). 3 vol ...
The meeting of Attila (left with barbarian troops) with Pope Leo I (right), the most notable pope of late antiquity. By Raphael, 1514. The Papacy in late antiquity was a period in papal history between 313, when the Peace in the Church began, and the pontificate of Simplicius in 476, when the Roman Empire of the West fell.
Factors furthering the east-west split included the Western adoption of the filioque with the Roman Church's unilateral acceptance of it without the approval of an Ecumenical council, and the pope's usage of a forged document, the so-called Donation of Constantine, to support his authority against the Eastern Church.