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The main varieties of Kurdish are Kurmanji, Sorani, and Southern Kurdish (Xwarîn). The majority of the Kurds speak Kurmanji, [15] and most Kurdish texts are written in Kurmanji and Sorani. Kurmanji is written in the Hawar alphabet, a derivation of the Latin script, and Sorani is written in the Sorani alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script.
The first proper text in Kurmanji is a Christian missionary prayer in the Armenian script from the first half of the 14th century. [17] A growing interest in the use of Kurmanji in literature began from the 14th century on when Kurdistan had relative political stability and economic prosperity.
There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish, [2] [3] as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani [4] and Kurmanji. [5] Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative marking in the past tense. [6]
Southern Kurdish has many variants, linguist Fattah divides them into 35 varieties. These include: Bîcarî. The most septentrional variety of Southern Kurdish spoken in and around Bijar in Iran.
The Kurdistan newspaper established in 1898, prior to latinization, was written in the Kurmanji dialect using Arabic script. Kurdish is written using either of two alphabets: the Latin-based Bedirxan or Hawar alphabet, introduced by Celadet Alî Bedirxan in 1932 and popularized through the Hawar magazine, and the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet.
Soane, Ely Banister (1922), "Notes on the Phonology of Southern Kurmanji", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2, Cambridge University Press Thackston, W.M. (2006a), —Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings (PDF) , archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021 , retrieved 29 ...
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Around 1.4% people belonging to Kurdish ethnic identity also spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Concerning Alevis, which were separately analysed, c. 70% spoke Zazaki, but Turkish (70%) was the dominant household language. [25] Ziflioğlu states that many [quantify] Zazas only speak Kurmanji. [4] [dubious – discuss]