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The policy was created in U.S. Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899, ... Text of the First Open Door Note;
A French political cartoon in 1898, showing Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan dividing China. The Scramble for China, [1] also known as the Partition of China [2] or the Scramble for Concessions, [3] was a concept that existed during the late 1890s in Europe, the United States, and the Empire of Japan for the partitioning of China under the Qing dynasty as their own spheres of ...
The Open Door was a principle of free trade advocated by the United States towards China from 1850-1949. It called for equal treatment of foreign nationals and firms, as outlined in the Open Door notes issued in 1900 in cooperation with London.
Rockhill drafted the first Open Door note, calling for equality of commercial opportunity for foreigners in China. [139] Hay formally issued his Open Door note on September 6, 1899. This was not a treaty, and did not require the approval of the Senate.
Sugita, Yoneyuki. "The Rise of an American Principle in China: A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China" in Richard J. Jensen, Jon Thares Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the twentieth century (Greenwood, 2003). ISBN 978-0-275-97714-6. pp. 3–20
United States Secretary of State John Hay had issued the "Open Door Notes" of September–November 1899, followed by a diplomatic circular in July 1900, asking that all of the major world powers with vested interests in Qing-dynasty China declare formally that they would maintain an 'open door' to allow all nations equal rights and equal access to the treaty ports within their spheres of ...
World War I [b] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
William Appleman Williams (June 12, 1921 – March 5, 1990) was one of the 20th century's most prominent revisionist historians of American diplomacy. He achieved the height of his influence while on the faculty of the department of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and is considered to be the foremost member of the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic history.