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The identities of most figures are ambiguous or discernable only through subtle details or allusions; [1] among those commonly identified are Socrates, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Heraclitus, Averroes, and Zarathustra. Additionally, Italian artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are believed to be portrayed through Plato and Heraclitus ...
Socrates is known for proclaiming his total ignorance; he used to say that the only thing he was aware of was his ignorance, seeking to imply that the realization of one's ignorance is the first step in philosophizing. Socrates exerted a strong influence on philosophers in later antiquity and has continued to do so in the modern era.
In the second half of the 5th century BC, sophists were teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric to entertain, impress, or persuade an audience to accept the speaker's point of view. Socrates promoted an alternative method of teaching, which came to be called the Socratic method. [2]
Aeschines and Socrates in Raphael's The School of Athens Pietro Testa's etching of the Symposium (1648) The Apotheosis of Homer (1827) The Death of Socrates (1787) Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca (3rd century AD) The School of Athens (c. 1511) Socrates (c. 1950) Socrates, his two Wives, and Alcibiades (1660s) Symposium (Feuerbach) (1869)
Aspasia also featured in two catalogues of women in this period as a teacher and philosopher: in Arcangela Tarabotti's Tirannia Paterna, which portrays her as a teacher of rhetoric, and Gilles Ménage's Historia Mulierum Philosopharum, in which Aspasia is described as teaching rhetoric to Pericles and Socrates, and philosophy to Socrates. [68]
Philosophers such as Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE), as well as the sophistic movement, which led to an influx of foreign teachers, created a shift from Old Education to a new Higher Education. [11] This Higher Education expanded formal education, and Athenian society began to hold intellectual capacity in higher regard than physical. [11]
Plato (/ ˈ p l eɪ t oʊ / PLAY-toe; [1] Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn; born c. 428–423 BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Socrates' attitude towards the sophists was not entirely oppositional. In one dialogue Socrates even stated that the sophists were better educators than he was, [20] which he validated by sending one of his students to study under a sophist. [21] W. K. C. Guthrie classified Socrates as a sophist in his History of Greek Philosophy. [21]