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Prevention of struvite stones depends on staying infection-free. Diet has not been shown to affect struvite stone formation. Cystine: 1–2% [71] rare genetic disorder Pink/yellow : Radio-opaque Cystine, an amino acid (a dimer of cysteine, of the building blocks of protein), leaks through the kidneys and into the urine to form crystals ...
Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [10] [11] [12] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine, forming kidney stones.
Apatite is the defining mineral for 5 on the Mohs scale. [11] It can be distinguished in the field from beryl and tourmaline by its relative softness. It is often fluorescent under ultraviolet light. [12] Apatite is one of a few minerals produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. [7]
Apatite has also been found in hydrothermal veins and cavities or even Alpine-type veins associated with quartz. The most important varieties of apatite are represented by fluorapatite , hydroxyapatite , chlorapatite and carbonate-apatite [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Because the composition of apatite varies, the term 'apatite' is often used to describe a ...
Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [13] [14] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [15] Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals. The two major types are limestone , which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO 3 ), and dolomite rock (also known as dolostone), which is composed of dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ).
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The scapolites (Greek: σκάπος, "rod", and λίθος, "stone") are a group of rock-forming silicate minerals composed of aluminium, calcium, and sodium silicate with chlorine, carbonate and sulfate. The two endmembers are meionite (Ca 4 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 CO 3) [2] and marialite (Na 4 Al 3 Si 9 O 24 Cl).