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Sodium polysulfide is a general term for salts with the formula Na 2 S x, where x = 2 to 5. The species S x 2−, called polysulfide anions, include disulfide (S 2 2−), trisulfide (S 3 2−), tetrasulfide (S 4 2−), and pentasulfide (S 5 2−). In principle, but not in practice, the chain lengths could be longer.
The energy released in the reaction of sodium and elemental sulfur is the basis of battery technology. The sodium–sulfur battery and the lithium–sulfur battery require high temperatures to maintain liquid polysulfide and Na +-conductive membranes that are unreactive toward sodium, sulfur, and sodium sulfide.
Sodium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Na 2 S, or more commonly its hydrate Na 2 S·9H 2 O.Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts in pure crystalline form are colorless solids, although technical grades of sodium sulfide are generally yellow to brick red owing to the presence of polysulfides and commonly supplied as a crystalline mass, in flake form, or as a fused solid.
The polysulfide–bromine battery (PSB; sometimes polysulphide–polybromide or "bromine–sulfur") is a type of rechargeable electric battery that stores electrical energy in liquids, such as water-based solutions of two salts: sodium bromide and sodium polysulfide. It is a type of redox (reduction–oxidation) flow battery.
In 1838, Swiss chemists reported the preparation of hydrophobic rubbery materials by the alkylation of sodium polysulfide with 1,2-dichloroethane. [2] In 1926 chemists Joseph C. Patrick and Nathan Mnookin further developed this class of materials, which first achieved commercial success as sealants for fuel lines, exploiting the solvent resistance of these materials.
"Thiokol" polymers arise when sodium polysulfide is treated with an alkyl dihalide. In the converse reaction, carbanionic reagents react with elemental sulfur to afford mixtures of the thioether, disulfide, and higher polysulfides. These reactions are often unselective but can be optimized for specific applications.
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