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The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
While depression is a complex condition with many factors involved, it is commonly attributed to an imbalance of several key monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This monoamine hypothesis of depression is popular because of the simplicity of the explanation. [4]
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression [1] proposes that major depressive disorder (MDD) is caused, at least partly, by impaired neurotrophic support.Neurotrophic factors (also known as neurotrophins) are a family of closely related proteins which regulate the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Another way cytokines can affect depression is in the kynurenine pathway, and when this is overactivated, it can cause depression. This can be due to too much microglial activation and too little astrocytic activity. When microglia get activated, they release pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause an increase in the production of COX 2.
[12] [13] [14] One interpretation is that depression manifests due to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, resulting in feelings of worthlessness and despair. Magnetic resonance imaging shows that the brains of people diagnosed with depression may have a hippocampus up to 10% smaller than those who do not exhibit signs of depression.
These seasonal changes can be a nuisance for some people, but for others — about 5% of American adults and even some children — they can also bring on a form of depression known as seasonal ...
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