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Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which the spasm of small arteries causes episodes of reduced blood flow to end arterioles. [1] Typically the fingers, and, less commonly, the toes, are involved. [1] Rarely, the nose, ears, nipples, or lips are affected. [1]
Other causes include vasculitis and in situ thrombosis related to hypercoagulable states. [53] Additional mechanisms of peripheral artery disease include arterial spasm and fibromuscular dysplasia. [19] The cause and pathophysiology of arterial spasm are not fully understood, but it is hypothesised that they can occur secondary to trauma. [54]
It causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness, leading to brain herniation and death. Pulmonary edema occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. This is usually due to failure of the left ventricle of the heart.
It can also affect the thigh, buttock, hand, abdomen, and foot. [19] [14] The most common cause of acute compartment syndrome is a fractured bone, usually the tibia. [29] [30] Leg compartment syndrome occurs in 1% to 10% of tibial fractures [7]. It is strongly linked to tibial diaphysis fractures and other tibial injuries. [31]
In the elderly, paresthesia is often the result of poor circulation in the limbs (such as in peripheral vascular disease), most often caused by atherosclerosis, the build-up of plaque within artery walls over decades, with eventual plaque ruptures, internal clots over the ruptures, and subsequent clot healing, but leaving behind narrowing or ...
After fracture, the resulting swelling, bleeding, and deformity compress the median nerve. With rheumatoid arthritis, the enlarged synovial lining of the tendons causes compression. The main symptoms are pain in the hand, numbness, and tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the thumb side of the ring finger. [1]
On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [3] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI is the end stage of peripheral vascular disease where there is still some collateral circulation (alternate circulation pathways) that bring some blood flow (although inadequate) to the distal parts of the limbs. [2]
Ischemia causes not only insufficiency of oxygen, but also reduced availability of nutrients and inadequate removal of metabolic wastes. [7] Ischemia can be partial (poor perfusion) or total blockage. The inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the organs must be resolved either by treating the cause of the inadequate delivery or reducing ...