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Many retroviruses cause serious diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. [3] Retroviruses have many subfamilies in three basic groups. Oncoretroviruses (cancer-causing retroviruses) include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) causing a type of leukemia in humans, and murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) in mice. [4]
Dendrogram of various classes of endogenous retroviruses. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome (lower estimates of ~1%). [1] [2]
The figure also divides the retroviruses into exogenous and endogenous. Retroviruses can exist in two different forms: endogenous which consists of normal genetic components and exogenous which are horizontally transferred genetic components that are usually infectious agents that cause disease i.e. HIV.
Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a DNA genome, such as adenovirus, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the hepatitis C virus (HCV), can cause cancers, as can retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes (Human T-lymphotropic virus and hepatitis B virus, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA ...
Lentivirus is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in humans and other mammalian species. [2] The genus includes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.
The ones that infect humans are known as human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and the ones that infect Old World monkeys are called simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLVs). PTLVs are named for their ability to cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, but in the case of HTLV-1 it can also cause a demyelinating disease called tropical spastic ...
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. [ 3 ]
XMRV is a recombinant virus observed incidentally as a result of recombination between two endogenous mouse retroviruses by prostate cancer researchers in the mid-1990s. Although it can infect human tissue, no known disease is associated with the infection [10] [11] [12] and it is unlikely to exist outside laboratories. [13]