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2. Mantle convection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection

   On Earth, the Rayleigh number for convection within Earth's mantle is estimated to be of order 10 7, which indicates vigorous convection. This value corresponds to whole mantle convection (i.e. convection extending from the Earth's surface to the border with the core). On a global scale, surface expression of this convection is the tectonic ...

3. Heat-pipe tectonics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-pipe_tectonics

   Melts are produced when mantle rocks bear temperatures between 1100 and 2400 °C at corresponding depths (pressure varies the melting temperature) with the presence of water. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] When melts reach surface via vertical vents, they cool down and solidify forming mafic or ultramafic rocks which are rich in iron and magnesium .

4. Thermal history of Earth - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_history_of_Earth

   The catastrophe is defined as when the mean mantle temperature exceeds the mantle solidus so that the entire mantle melts. Using the geochemically preferred Urey ratio of U r = 1 / 3 {\displaystyle Ur=1/3} and the geodynamically preferred cooling exponent of beta = 1 / 3 {\displaystyle {\text{beta}}=1/3} the mantle temperature reaches the ...

5. Internal structure of Earth - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth

   The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈140 GPa (1.4 Matm). [24] The mantle is composed of silicate rocks richer in iron and magnesium than the overlying crust. [25] Although solid, the mantle's extremely hot silicate material can flow over very long timescales. [26] Convection of the mantle propels the motion of the tectonic plates in the

6. Earth's internal heat budget - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_internal_heat_budget

   Earth heat transport occurs by conduction, mantle convection, hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection. [15] Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, [16] with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain ...

7. AOL Video - Serving the best video content from AOL and ...

   www.aol.com/video/view/cat-can-t-climb-fireplace...

   The AOL.com video experience serves up the best video content from AOL and around the web, curating informative and entertaining snackable videos.

8. Earth's mantle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_mantle

   The internal structure of Earth. Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.It has a mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg (8.84 × 10 24 lb) and makes up 67% of the mass of Earth. [1]

9. Convection (heat transfer) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(Heat_transfer)

   In many real-life applications (e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or cooling of photovoltaic panels), natural and forced convection occur at the same time (mixed convection). [4] Internal and external flow can also classify convection. Internal flow occurs when a fluid is enclosed by a solid boundary such as when flowing through a pipe.