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Surveys in Sri Lanka revealed prevalence of Schistosoma spindale of 31.2% (of 901 cattle), [6] whilst in Bangladesh a similarly high prevalence of 36% has been reported. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] More recently, in Kerala South India, prevalences have been reported up to 57.3% in cattle , 50% in water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) and 4.7% in goats .
An outline of the evolution of the schistosoma is now possible. The ancestral species infected freshwater turtles and the life cycle included gastropod hosts. Some of these species in their turn infected the marine turtles. [3] At some point members of species infecting marine turtles developed the ability to infect birds – most likely waterfowl.
Schistosoma japonicum is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis.This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild mammals, including nine carnivores, 16 rodents, one primate (human), two insectivores and three artiodactyls and therefore it can be considered a true zoonosis.
The life cycle stages: [43] The excretion of schistosome eggs in urine or feces depending on the species; The hatching of the eggs leads to the release of the free-swimming, ciliated larvae called miracidia; Miracidia find and penetrate the snails, which are the intermediate hosts (specific species of snails are dependent on the species of ...
Life cycle stages of a digenean human parasite, Schistosoma japonicum; note the misspelling as "circarium" of the cercaria stage Life cycle stages of a digenean fish parasite, Bucephalus polymorphus Life cycle stages of trematode species that cause "swimmer's itch"
The life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni was determined by the Brazilian parasitologist Pirajá da Silva (1873-1961) in 1908. [42] In 2009, the genomes of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum were decoded [33] [34] opening the way for new targeted treatments.
Schistosoma malayensis is a schistosome parasite. It was first described in 1988 in Peninsular Malaysia and appears to be a zoonotic infection. [1] The species is named after the country of Malaysia. The natural vertebrate host is van Müller's rat (Rattus muelleri). The intermediate hosts are aquatic snails, Robertsiella kaporenisis.
Schistosoma intercalatum's life cycle is very similar to that of S. haematobium, except for some key differences. To start the life cycle, the human host releases eggs with its feces. In water, the eggs hatch to become miracidia, which penetrate the freshwater snail intermediate host. [5]