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In some cities, including Rome, Istanbul (Constantinople) and Fustat, networked ancient sewer systems continue to function today as collection systems for those cities' modernized sewer systems. Instead of flowing to a river or the sea, the pipes have been re-routed to modern sewer treatment facilities.
The Ancient Roman Empire used sophisticated aqueduct and waste removal systems throughout their empire. [6] Utilizing the Cloaca Maxima, the engineers of Ancient Rome created a vast network of sewers. [7] The Cloaca Maxima emptied into the Tiber River, resulting in extreme pollution. This pollution led to the contamination of the drinking water ...
In 1822 a commission of sewers was established and over the next 20 years built 30 miles of sewers, but these were for surface water drainage only, houses did not connect to their drains. [25] William Henry Duncan (1805–1863) was Medical Officer of Health (1847-1863). He was the first Medical Officer anywhere in the UK.
The link between water and disease was still not well established and in 1873 the president of the New York board of health declared that "although rivers are great natural sewers, and receive the drainage of towns and cities the natural process of purification, in most cases destroys the offensive bodies derived from sewer and renders them ...
The Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968 (c. 47) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which required every local authority in Scotland to provide a network of sewers to ensure that domestic sewage, surface water and trade effluent was effectively drained from their area, and to construct sewage treatment works or other facilities to deal with the contents of those sewers.
James Newlands (28 July 1813 – 15 July 1871) was a Scottish civil engineer who worked in Liverpool as the first Borough Engineer appointed in the United Kingdom.He is credited with designing and implementing the first integrated sewerage system in the world in 1848.
Archaeologists leading the work said that after an earthquake devastated the sprawling city in about A.D. 388, the statue had been carefully placed in the sewers and covered with soil, explaining ...
From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. [25] These efforts renewed public interest in ...