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In old age, the costal cartilages are prone to superficial ossification, particularly in women with age of 50 years and over. [3] In costochondritis and Tietze syndrome, inflammation of the costal cartilage occurs. [4] This is a common cause of chest pain. [5] Severe trauma may lead to fracture of the costal cartilage. [6]
Anatomy of the costal cartilage. Costochondritis typically presents unilaterally (one side), which is typically the left side. [4] It affects primarily the 2nd to 5th ribs at the sternocostal and costochondral joints. [1] The most commonly reported symptom of costochondritis is chest pain that is often exacerbated by movement and deep breathing.
The costal margin is the medial margin formed by the cartilages of the seventh to tenth ribs. It attaches to the body and xiphoid process of the sternum. [2] The thoracic diaphragm attaches to the costal margin. [3] The costal angle is the angle between the left and right costal margins where they join the sternum. [2]
It is located approximately 7 cm inferior to the superior margin of the manubrium. [citation needed] The sternal angle is used in the definition of the thoracic plane. [citation needed] The angle also marks the level of a number of features: Boundary between the superior and inferior portion of the mediastinum [citation needed]
The lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus) is more acute than the medial, and the eyelids here lie in close contact with the bulb of the eye. The medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus) is prolonged for a short distance toward the nose , and the two eyelids are ...
Each muscle begins posteriorly at the tubercles of the ribs and extends anteriorly to the costochondral junction, the junction between the costal cartilage and the sternal end of the rib. The muscle between the costal cartilages is replaced by a membranous layer called the external intercostal membrane .
Humans have two eyes, situated on the left and the right of the face. The eyes sit in bony cavities called the orbits, in the skull. There are six extraocular muscles that control eye movements. The front visible part of the eye is made up of the whitish sclera, a coloured iris, and the pupil. A thin layer called the conjunctiva sits on top of ...
Costal may refer to: an adjective related to the rib (Latin: costa) in anatomy Costal cartilage, a type of cartilage forming bars which serve to prolong the ribs forward; Costal margin, the medial margin formed by the false ribs; Costal surface (disambiguation) Costal groove, a groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib