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[13] [19] The earliest known appearance of the four-iwan plan in Islamic architecture is at the dār al-imāra (governor's palace) in Kufa, as rebuilt by the Umayyad governor Ziyād ibn Abīh in the late 7th century. [34] It only became common in mosque design in the twelfth century, long after the iwan's invention in the first century CE. [43]
Floor plan of the mosque (today), with the courtyard above and the three-aisled prayer hall below. The plan of the new mosque was innovative and highly influential in the history of early Islamic architecture.
The mosque has a rectangular floor plan measuring about 57 metres wide and 50 metres long [6] (or 59 by 51 metres according to another source [9]), divided between a courtyard and a prayer hall. While the floor plan is not very different from that of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, the structure of the building is very different.
The floor plan of the mosque is approximately 50 by 60 meters (160 by 200 feet) deep. [3] [5] Although the mosque is designed for a typical rectangular floor plan, the northwestern corner of the mosque is truncated because of the original presence of a palace on this side.
In Islamic architecture, the hypostyle hall is the main feature of the hypostyle mosque. One of the earliest hypostyle mosques is the Tarikhaneh Mosque in Iran, dating back to the eighth century. [69] Some scholars refer to the early hypostyle mosque with courtyard as the "Arab plan" or "Arab-type" mosque.
According to scholar Mourad Rammah, it is the oldest decorative façade in Islamic architecture. [7] The mosque contains a prayer hall with a slightly irregular but almost square floor plan with four columns dividing it into three naves or aisles, covered by a total of nine vaults. [4] A basic mihrab niche is embedded in the qibla wall.
Floor plan of the mosque and some of its annexes. (Based on an early 20th-century survey; since then the southern part of the complex, the library, has been modified.) Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque was founded in the 9th century, but its present form is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years.
Floor plan of the mosque-madrasa. At the middle is the large central courtyard. The domed mausoleum is at the top (southeastern) end. The entrance (with a domed vestibule chamber) is at the bottom-left (northeastern) corner. The smaller passages and rooms at the corners of the central courtyard are part of the specialized madrasas.