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When the single bond between the two centres is free to rotate, cis/trans descriptors become invalid. Two widely accepted prefixes used to distinguish diastereomers on sp³-hybridised bonds in an open-chain molecule are syn and anti. Masamune proposed the descriptors which work even if the groups are not attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
Neither Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov because the substituents are the same. Dihydroxylation: Can occur either in syn or anti addition fashion depending on the specific mechanism followed. If osmium tetroxide is used, hydroxide groups are added in syn fashion. If an epoxide mechanism is followed, hydroxide groups are added in an anti fashion.
This image is a derivative work of the following images: File:Aldolsynanti.png licensed with PD-self 2006-11-30T05:51:12Z E kwan 1295x258 (9602 Bytes) syn vs anti convention; Uploaded with derivativeFX
This image of a simple structural formula is ineligible for copyright and therefore in the public domain, because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship.
Chemical structure for w:zincophorin with syn and anti 1,3-w:diols highlighted. Image adapted from existing commons image File:Zincophorin.png and adapted by EdChem on 28 January 2019 using MS Paint. As a simple chemical structure, image is ineligible for copyright protection.
In organic chemistry, the E i mechanism (Elimination Internal/Intramolecular), also known as a thermal syn elimination or a pericyclic syn elimination, is a special type of elimination reaction in which two vicinal (adjacent) substituents on an alkane framework leave simultaneously via a cyclic transition state to form an alkene in a syn elimination. [1]
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Anti-periplanar geometry will put a bonding orbital and an anti-bonding orbital approximately parallel to each other, or syn-periplanar. Figure 6 is another representation of 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane (Figure 5), showing the C–H bonding orbital, σ C–H, and the C–Cl anti-bonding orbital, σ* C–Cl, syn-periplanar.