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  2. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Neglect of probability, the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty. [52] Scope neglect or scope insensitivity, the tendency to be insensitive to the size of a problem when evaluating it. For example, being willing to pay as much to save 2,000 children or 20,000 children.

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Cum hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin for 'with this, therefore because of this'; correlation implies causation; faulty cause/effect, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – a faulty assumption that, because there is a correlation between two variables, one caused the other. [57]

  4. Garbage in, garbage out - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_in,_garbage_out

    GIGO is also used to describe failures in human decision-making due to faulty, incomplete, or imprecise data. [8] In audiology, GIGO describes the process that occurs at the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) when auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder is present.

  5. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    An example is a probabilistically valid instance of the formally invalid argument form of denying the antecedent or affirming the consequent. [ 12 ] Thus, "fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments, [ 13 ] because for most fallacious instances of an argument form, a similar but non-fallacious instance ...

  6. Escalation of commitment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment

    Decision uncertainty, positive performance trend information, and expressed preference for initial decision have been found to have positive relationships. [ 9 ] High costs of ending a project or changing its course, potential financial gain upon completion, and extensive structure can factor in to escalation of commitment, making it difficult ...

  7. Attribution bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_bias

    For example, participants who received negative feedback on a laboratory task were more likely to attribute their task performance to external, rather than internal, factors. The self-serving bias seems to function as an ego-protection mechanism , helping people to better cope with personal failures.

  8. Framing effect (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)

    For example, undergraduate students are more willing to purchase an item such as a movie ticket after losing an amount equivalent to the item's cost than after losing the item itself.This susceptibility underscores the importance of considering psychological factors in the context of decision-making.

  9. False dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma

    The following is an example of a false dilemma with the simple constructive form: (1) "If you tell the truth, you force your friend into a social tragedy; and therefore, are an immoral person". (2) "If you lie, you are an immoral person (since it is immoral to lie)".