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However, co-activation of L1 and L2 has also been reported in bilinguals whose two languages have different scripts (writing systems), [47] lexical forms (e.g. Japanese and English), [48] and modality (e.g. English and American Sign Language). [49] The Stroop task, which shows color names in a different color, tests inhibition and distraction.
The phases of writing development have been highlighted to give the reader a broad outline of what phases a child goes through during writing development; however when studying an individual's development in depth, the phases may be disregarded to an extent. The first of Kroll's phases is the preparation for writing phase.
Second language acquisition (SLA) has the ability to influence children's cognitive growth and linguistic development. Skill that consists of ability to produce words in target language develops until adolescence. Natural ability to acquire a new language with a deliberate effort may begin to diminish around puberty i.e. 12–14 years of age.
Generation of written language is thought to be closely related to speech generation. Neurophysiologically speaking, it is believed that Broca's area is crucial for early linguistic processing, while the inferior frontal gyrus is critical in semantic processing. [6] [8] According to Penfield, writing differs in two major ways from verbal language.
Students were less proficient than they appeared because they were able "to converse on a few every day, frequently discussed subjects" but often lacked proficiency in academic language. [2] Carolyn Edelsky was an early critic of the BICS/CALP distinction, arguing that academic language is measured inaccurately by relying on "test-wiseness". [2]
An essential aspect to language development is focused on the student being aware of language and the components of language. This idea is also examined in the article, 'Metalinguistic Awareness and Literacy Acquisition in Different Languages', [ 3 ] that centers on how the construction of a language and writing strategy shape an individual's ...
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.In other words, it is how human beings gain the ability to be aware of language, to understand it, and to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.