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Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03, [20] 1.10 [5] 1.23, [20] 1.30 [5] ... bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability ... LDL cholesterol (Not ...
To attract and stimulate macrophages, the cholesterol must be released from the LDL particles and oxidized, a key step in the ongoing inflammatory process. The process is worsened if it is insufficient high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the lipoprotein particle that removes cholesterol from tissues and carries it back to the liver.
LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but eating a diet high in saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol can increase LDL levels. [43] Elevated LDL levels are associated with diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis. In a fasting lipid panel, a LDL greater than 160 mg/dL is abnormal. [37] [39]
In any muscle cell, increased intracellular calcium causes contraction. In smooth muscle cells the elevated levels of intracellular calcium cause the opening of BK channels which in turn allow potassium ions to flow out of the cell. This causes further hyperpolarization and closing of voltage gated calcium channels, relaxation can then occur.
Calcium regulation in the human body. [6]The plasma ionized calcium concentration is regulated within narrow limits (1.3–1.5 mmol/L). This is achieved by both the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands constantly sensing (i.e. measuring) the concentration of calcium ions in the blood flowing through them.
An L-type calcium channel with its subunits labeled along with some drugs known to inhibit the channel. The L-type calcium channel (also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or DHP channel) is part of the high-voltage activated family of voltage-dependent calcium channel. [2] "L" stands for long-lasting referring to the length of activation.
P-type calcium channel ("Purkinje") /Q-type calcium channel: HVA (high voltage activated) Ca v 2.1 : α 2 δ, β, possibly γ: Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum / Cerebellar granule cells: N-type calcium channel ("Neural"/"Non-L") HVA (high voltage activated) Ca v 2.2 : α 2 δ/β 1, β 3, β 4, possibly γ: Throughout the brain and peripheral ...
Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep ...