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[29] [30] Methamphetamine neurotoxicity causes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions, as well as adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity. [30] Methamphetamine belongs to the substituted phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes.
Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. [1] [5] [6] [3] However, findings in this regard are conflicting, and the neurotoxicity of MDMA and related agents may instead be based on their mechanism of action without involvement of metabolites. [3] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Some authors have concluded that because of MDMA's potential to cause lasting harm in humans (e.g., serotonergic neurotoxicity and persistent memory impairment), "considerably more research must be performed" on its efficacy in PTSD treatment to determine if the potential treatment benefits outweigh its potential to harm a patient.
In low doses, methamphetamine can cause an elevated mood and increase alertness, concentration, and energy in fatigued individuals. [94] [139] At higher doses, it can induce psychosis, rhabdomyolysis, and cerebral hemorrhage. [94] [139] Methamphetamine is known to have a high potential for abuse and addiction.
In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level psychosis in the past year. [9] Commonly abused amphetamines include methamphetamine , MDMA , 4-FA , as well as substituted cathinones like α-PVP , MDPV , and mephedrone , though a large number of other closely related compounds have been recently ...
Amphetamine-type stimulants in general are sympathomimetic amine that stimulates the central nervous system, also proven to cause insomnia, arousal, and reduced hunger. Due to its physiological and psychological effects, ATS has been used to suppress appetite, improve cognitive performance, as well as treating ADHD , depression , and narcolepsy .
There is evidence that the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA may be driven primarily by (S)-MDMA rather than (R)-MDMA. [3] (R)-MDMA shows substantially lower or potentially no neurotoxicity compared to (S)-MDMA in animal studies. [3] This has been the case even when doses of (R)-MDMA were increased to account for its lower potency than (S ...
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. [1] It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a ...