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C++11 is a version of a joint technical standard, ... which can be further compacted since "myvec" implements begin/end iterators: for (const auto & x: myvec)
Moreover, C++11 allows foreach loops to be applied to any class that provides the begin and end functions. It's then possible to write generator-like classes by defining both the iterable methods (begin and end) and the iterator methods (operator!=, operator++ and operator*) in the same class. For example, it is possible to write the following ...
For traversal of an entire container, the begin() method provides the lower limit, and end() the upper limit. The latter does not reference any element of the container at all but is a valid iterator value that can be compared against.
The compiler uses argument-dependent lookup to resolve the begin and end functions. [9] The C++ Standard Library also supports for_each, [10] that applies each element to a function, which can be any predefined function or a lambda expression. While range-based for is only from the start to the end, the range or direction can be changed by ...
The scope for exception handlers starts with a marker clause (try or the language's block starter such as begin) and ends in the start of the first handler clause (catch, except, rescue). Several handler clauses can follow, and each can specify which exception types it handles and what name it uses for the exception object.
In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.
In Pascal subroutines, begin and end delimit a block of statements preceded by local declarations, while C functions use "{" and "}" to delimit a block of statements optionally preceded by declarations : C (before C99) strictly defines that any declarations must occur before the statements within a particular block but allows blocks to appear ...
array implements a compile-time non-resizable array. vector implements an array with fast random access and an ability to automatically resize when appending elements. deque implements a double-ended queue with comparatively fast random access. list implements a doubly linked list. forward_list implements a singly linked list.