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One counterintuitive consequence of actualism is that agents can avoid moral obligations simply by having an imperfect moral character. [34] [36] For example, a lazy person might justify rejecting a request to help a friend by arguing that, due to her lazy character, she would not have done the work anyway, even if she had accepted the request ...
This underpins much of Hobbes’s political philosophy, stating that humans have a political obligation or ‘duty’ to prevent the creation of a state of nature. [9] Humans have a political obligation to obey a sovereign power, and once they have renounced part of their natural rights to this power (theory of sovereignty), they have a duty to ...
Classical realist writers have drawn from the ideas of earlier political thinkers, most notably, Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and Thucydides. [9] [10] These political theorists are not considered to be a part of the modern classical realism school of thought, but their writings are considered important to the development of the theory.
Influenced by 19th century positivism [5] and Charles Darwin's evolution, for both Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, the idea of uncertainty and chance in social dynamics (and thus unintended consequences beyond results of perfectly defined laws) was only apparent, (if not rejected) since social actions were directed and produced by deliberate human intention.
The problem, MacIntyre maintains, is that teleological morality was developed to overcome defects in human nature; to posit an example of the ideal. Without this notion of ‘perfect humanity’ the only remaining foundation to build a moral theory on was the foundation of imperfect human nature. [63]
Its conception of human nature and human good overlooks the need for self-identity than which nothing is more essentially human." (p. 173, see especially sections 6 and 7). The consequence of this is held to be that "Marx and his followers have underestimated the importance of phenomena, such as religion and nationalism, which satisfy the need ...
Logical consequence; Logical constant; ... Marx's theory of human nature; Master-slave dialectic; ... Political freedom; Polychotomous key;
The argument claims that if agents have no control over the facts of the past, then the agent has no control of the consequences of those facts. [1] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives the following version of the argument, in the form of a syllogism: [2] No one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature.