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Sometimes the − is used to indicate a better grade if it stands after the grade and a lower grade if it stands before the grade (in which case − is a symbol for "bis", e.g. 'to', rather than 'minus'), for example −5 (4.75) is lower than 5 which is lower than 5− (5.25) in that system. In some regions, decimal grades are used: 5.5, 4.5, etc.
For percentage grades, 0% is awarded for extremely poor performance and 100% is awarded for exceptional work. The grade of 10 is reserved for exceptional achievements. 9 is most commonly used for a United States equivalent of an A. In some cases, the grade can be rounded for example if a student got 67% the grade can sometimes be rounded to a 7.
As another example, a two-year return of 10% converts to an annualized rate of return of 4.88% = ((1+0.1) (12/24) − 1), assuming reinvestment at the end of the first year. In other words, the geometric average return per year is 4.88%. In the cash flow example below, the dollar returns for the four years add up to $265.
Given an independent variable x and a dependent variable y, y is directly proportional to x [1] if there is a positive constant k such that: = The relation is often denoted using the symbols "∝" (not to be confused with the Greek letter alpha) or "~", with exception of Japanese texts, where "~" is reserved for intervals:
In the example from "Double rounding" section, rounding 9.46 to one decimal gives 9.4, which rounding to integer in turn gives 9. With binary arithmetic, this rounding is also called "round to odd" (not to be confused with "round half to odd"). For example, when rounding to 1/4 (0.01 in binary), x = 2.0 ⇒ result is 2 (10.00 in binary)
Largest intraday percentage drops An intraday percentage drop is defined as the difference between the previous trading session's closing price and the intraday low of the following trading session. The closing percentage change denotes the ultimate percentage change recorded after the corresponding trading session's close.
[c] [2] For example, a hypothetical weak acid having K a = 10 −5, the value of log K a is the exponent (−5), giving pK a = 5. For acetic acid, K a = 1.8 x 10 −5, so pK a is 4.7. A higher K a corresponds to a stronger acid (an acid that is more dissociated at equilibrium).
To calculate the major diameter of "aught" size screws count the number of extra zeroes and multiply this number by 0.013 in and subtract from 0.060 in. For example, the major diameter of a #0000 screw is 0.060 in − (3 × 0.013 in) = 0.060 in − 0.039 in = 0.021 in.