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The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.
A tariff is called an optimal tariff if it is set to maximise the welfare of the country imposing the tariff. [73] It is a tariff derived by the intersection between the trade indifference curve of that country and the offer curve of another country.
A two-part tariff (TPT) is a form of price discrimination wherein the price of a product or service is composed of two parts – a lump-sum fee as well as a per-unit charge. [1] [2] In general, such a pricing technique only occurs in partially or fully monopolistic markets.
The producer surplus always decreases, but the consumer surplus may or may not increase; however, the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase, if any, in consumer surplus. Deadweight loss can also be a measure of lost economic efficiency when the socially optimal quantity of a good or a service is not produced.
The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs.
A measure of total gains from trade is the sum of consumer surplus and producer profits or, more roughly, the increased output from specialization in production with resulting trade. [8] Gains from trade may also refer to net benefits to a country from lowering barriers to trade such as tariffs on imports. [9]
If the consumer is considered to be the building, then a consumer surplus goes to the inhabitants. A seller facing a downward sloping demand curve that is convex to the origin always obtains higher revenues under price discrimination than under uniform pricing. In the top diagram, a single price () is
In economics, an excess supply, economic surplus [1] market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, [2] and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish to sell exceeds ...