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Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. [1] [2] With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most ...
Organobismuth radical is a chemical species that has unpaired electrons on bismuth centers within organic frameworks. [1] These radicals are part of the broader family of pnictogen-centered radicals, which include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. [2]
Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. It is also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry, since it leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen , which can enhance corrosion and stress ...
Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
A trivalent group 14 radical (also known as a trivalent tetrel radical) is a molecule that contains a group 14 element (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with three bonds and a free radical, having the general formula of R 3 E•. Such compounds can be categorized into three different types, depending on the structure (or equivalently the orbital in which ...
Bismuthyl is an inorganic oxygen-containing singly charged ion with the chemical formula BiO +, and is an oxycation of bismuth in the +3 oxidation state. Most often it is formed during the hydrolysis of trivalent bismuth salts, primarily nitrate, chloride and other halides.
The ground state is a triplet radical with two unpaired electrons (X̃ 3 B 1), [10] and the first excited state is a singlet non-radical (ã 1 A 1). With the singlet non-radical only 38 kJ above the ground state, [10] a sample of methylene exists as a mixture of electronic states even at room temperature, giving rise to complex reactions. For ...
In chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. [1] These substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies. Radical initiators are utilized in industrial processes such as polymer synthesis.