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Cyclic peptides in plants are synthesized via a two-step process; the translation of a linear peptide chain, and its subsequent formation into a cyclic structure through activities of a protease-like enzyme or other ways. [6] [7] [8] Some peptides, such as cyclotides, are gene-coded products obtained by the processing of larger precursor proteins.
The stunting effect of kalata B1 cyclic peptide on growth and development of Helicoverpa punctigera, a caterpillar from the Lepidopteran order. [6]Cyclotides have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-HIV, insecticidal, anti-tumour, antifouling, anti-microbial, hemolytic, neurotensin antagonism, trypsin inhibition, and uterotonic activities.
These peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different job with in the plant. The minimal length of functioning CLE peptides has been found to be 12 amino acids with several critical residues. [8] There are two different peptide structures that are found within the plant and they are A-type and B-type.
A number of natural antimicrobial peptides are cyclic, and the products of SICLOPPS are "increasingly viewed as ideal backbones for modulation of protein-protein interactions." [3] Circular peptides tend to be resistant to protease activity, and may be suitable for use as orally administered drugs.
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Types include a) cyclic mobius, b) cyclic bracelet, c) acyclic inhibitor knottins. [3] Cystine knot motifs are found frequently in nature in a plethora of plants, animals, and fungi and serve diverse functions from appetite suppression to anti-fungal activity.
Figure 1: In the classic cyclol reaction, two peptide groups are linked by a N-C' bond, converting the carbonyl oxygen into a hydroxyl group. Although this reaction occurs in a few cyclic peptides, it is disfavored by free energy, mainly because it eliminates the resonance stabilization of the peptide bond.
Cliotides belong to a larger classification of peptides, the cyclotides. Preliminary studies show that cliotides display a variety of biochemical properties which have attracted scientific interest in the possibility of developing antimicrobial and anti-cancer agents from them.