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The main benefit of cell-based vaccines is the ability to rapidly produce vaccine supplies during an impending pandemic.Cell-based antigen production offer a faster and more stable production of vaccines compared to embryonic chicken eggs, which produce 1-2 vaccine doses per chicken egg. [8]
T cells can then recognize these clippings and undergo a cellular transformation resulting in their own activation. [29] γδ T cells possess characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophages can also activate T cells in a similar approach (but do not do so naturally).
Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create antibodies and memory immune cells in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against. [8] Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles , mumps , rubella , yellow fever , and some influenza vaccines.
For bacteria with a polysaccharide coating, like Haemophilus influenzae type b, the best way to prevent infection is to use a conjugate vaccine. [1] A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
A thermistor is a semiconductor type of resistor whose resistance is strongly dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word thermistor is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are categorized based on their conduction models.
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. [1] [2] Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression, [3] in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine.
Genetic vaccines are based on the principle of uptake of a nucleic acid into cells, whereupon a protein is produced according to the nucleic acid template. This protein is usually the immunodominant antigen of the pathogen or a surface protein that enables the formation of neutralizing antibodies that inhibit the infection of cells.
SM-102 is a synthetic amino lipid which is used in combination with other lipids to form lipid nanoparticles. [1] These are used for the delivery of mRNA-based vaccines, [2] [3] [4] and in particular SM-102 forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.