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The Chinese differentiate a wu 巫 "shaman; healer; spirit medium" who gains control of forces in the spirit world versus a tongji who appears to be entirely under the control of forces in the spirit world.
The word tongji 童乩 (lit. "youth diviner") "shaman; spirit-medium" is a near-synonym of wu. Modern Chinese distinguishes native wu from "Siberian shaman": saman 薩滿 or saman 薩蠻; and from Indian Shramana "wandering monk; ascetic": shamen 沙門, sangmen 桑門, or sangmen 喪門.
The word tongji 童乩 (lit. "youth diviner") "shaman; spirit-medium" is a near-synonym of wu. Chinese uses phonetic transliteration to distinguish native wu from "Siberian shaman": saman 薩滿 or saman 薩蠻.
David Keightley offered that in the contexts of ancient Chinese studies, a shaman could be defined as a medium between the spirit and human worlds, one who travelled to the realm of gods and demons by epilepsy and autohypnotic trances for spiritual communication; in other words, his soul would depart from his body during the concerned ceremony ...
Shamanism in China (Chinese: 中国萨满教; pinyin: Zhōngguó sàmǎnjiào) may refer to all the forms of shamanism practiced in China: Chinese shamanism, or Wuism, the term referring specifically to the indigenous shamanic tradition of the Han Chinese, practiced by a wu; Tongji, a Chinese spirit medium
Fuji (Chinese: 扶乩 or 扶箕), often referred to as "planchette writing" or "spirit writing," is a religious practice in Chinese religions where messages from deities, ancestors, or spirits, are conveyed through a wooden or metal stylus guided by a medium or a group of participants.
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A second meaning of shen refers to the human spirit or psyche that is seen in the body as luster or vigor and in the mind as vitality and enthusiasm; it is the basic power or agency within humans that accounts for life, and in order to further life to its fullest potential, the spirit (Shen) is transformed to actualize potential (Jing 精 ).