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Dr Terrence Tumpey examines a reconstructed version of the Spanish flu virus at the CDC. An effort to recreate the Spanish flu strain (a strain of influenza A subtype H1N1) was a collaboration among the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the USDA ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York
Necessity and duress (compulsion) are different defenses in a criminal case. [1] [2] [3] The defense of duress applies when another person threatens imminent harm if defendant did not act to commit the crime. The defense of necessity applies when defendant is forced by natural circumstances to choose between two evils, and the criminal act is ...
The sequences of the polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2) of the 1918 virus and subsequent human viruses differ by only 10 amino acids from the avian influenza viruses. Viruses with 7 of the 10 amino acids in the human influenza locations have already been identified in currently circulating H5N1 .
Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-333-75105-1. Closing in on a Killer: Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenza Virus Archived 2014-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (exhibit at National Museum of Health and Medicine, 1996)
Competing harms, also known as necessity defense or lesser harm, is a legal doctrine in certain U.S. states, particularly in New England.For example, the Maine Criminal Code holds that "Conduct that the person believes to be necessary to avoid imminent physical harm to that person or another is justifiable if the desirability and urgency of avoiding such harm outweigh, according to ordinary ...
Robert Randall successfully used a medical necessity defense when he was charged with illegal possession of cannabis to treat his glaucoma. The case, United States v. Randall (1976), is "The first successful articulation of the medical necessity defense in the history of the common law, and indeed, the first case to extend the necessity defense ...
Emergency law/right (nødret, nødrett) is the equivalent of necessity in Denmark and Norway.[1] [2] It is considered related to but separate from self-defence.Common legal examples of necessity includes: breaking windows and other objects in order to escape a fire, commandeering a vehicle to serve as an emergency ambulance, ignoring traffic rules while rushing a dying patient to a hospital ...
The 1918 influenza pandemic, also termed the Spanish flu, constituted the most severe infectious viral outbreak in modern history, prior to the spread of COVID-19. [7] Emerging in March 1918, in the final months of World War I, the Spanish flu proliferated as global efforts to contain the virus fell short to wartime antagonism.