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Consider, at near room temperature: +100 °Bé (specific gravity, 3.325) would be among the densest fluids known (except some liquid metals), such as diiodomethane. Near 0 °Bé would be approximately the density of water. −100 °Bé (specific gravity, 0.615) would be among the lightest fluids known, such as liquid butane.
The state of charge of a lead-acid battery can be estimated from the density of the sulfuric acid solution used as electrolyte. A hydrometer calibrated to read specific gravity relative to water at 60 °F (16 °C) is a standard tool for servicing automobile batteries. Tables are used to correct the reading to the standard temperature.
On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and 2.000 reports as 200. [1] Concentrated sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.8 has a Twaddell scale measurement of 160 (as per the linear relationship between readings and sp. gravity). The Twaddell scale is only used for liquids with specific gravity greater than that of water.
A United States Navy Aviation boatswain's mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel. Relative density, also called specific gravity, [1] [2] is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
Because the electrolyte takes part in the charge-discharge reaction, this battery has one major advantage over other chemistries: it is relatively simple to determine the state of charge by merely measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte; the specific gravity falls as the battery discharges.
Battery energy capacities Storage device Energy content Energy content Typical mass (g) Typical dimensions (diameter × height in mm) Typical volume (mL) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Alkaline AA battery [67] 9360: 2.6 24 14.2 × 50 7.92 1.18 0.39 Alkaline C battery [67] 34 416: 9.5 65 26 × 46 24.42 1.41 0.53
In homebrewing, a brewing refractometer is used to measure the specific gravity before fermentation to determine the amount of fermentable sugars which will potentially be converted to alcohol. Brix refractometers are often used by hobbyists for making preserves including jams, marmalades and honey.
The electrolyte mixture of potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide is not consumed in charging or discharging, so unlike a lead-acid battery the electrolyte specific gravity does not indicate state of charge. [7] The voltage required to charge the NiFe battery is equal to or greater than 1.6 volts per cell. [18]