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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are seen, most commonly, during pregnancy and lactation ( breastfeeding ). [ 1 ]
Both significant weight loss and weight gain can cause FHA through insulin. [12] Significant weight loss, as in eating disorders and chronic malnutrition, is characterized by low insulin levels. Significant weight gain can lead to obesity and insulin resistance, which mimics low insulin levels via functional hypoinsulinaemia. [12]
Signs of false pregnancy include amenorrhea (missed periods), galactorrhea (flow of milk from breast), breast enlargement, weight gain, abdominal growth, sensations of fetal movement and contractions, [1] nausea and vomiting, [1] changes in the uterus and cervix, [1] and frequent urination. [3] Abdominal distention is the most common symptom. [2]
This includes people who have an IUD, a hysterectomy but still have ovaries, PCOS, or functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (or, the lack of a period caused by over-exercising, stress, or an eating ...
Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstruation, is subdivided into primary and secondary amenorrhea. In primary amenorrhea, in which there is a failure to menstruate by the age of 16 with normal sexual development or by 14 without normal sexual development, causes can be from developmental abnormalities of the uterus, ovaries, or genital tract, or ...
In women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism suspicious for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, treatment should be centered around weight gain, reducing intensity and frequency of exercise, and stress reduction with psychotherapy or counseling. [10]
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A weight-loss study was carried out of 13 individuals over a 6-month period. [45] 12 of the 13 previously infertile subjects restored ovulation whilst 11 subjects were able to conceive after the programme had ended. This study demonstrates weight loss to be the primary source of treatment for obesity and fertility problems before ART.