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The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic , referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle , was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD.
A Historic Site or Monument (HSM) is a protected location of historic interest on the continent of Antarctica, or on its adjacent islands.The list of historic sites was first drawn up in 1972, [1] and has since expanded to cover 95 sites, with the most recent listed in 2021. [2]
Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km 2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
The expected topography of Antarctica using modern data and accounting for isostatic rebound shows no similarities with the Piri Reis map. The Antarctic claim originates with Captain Arlington H. Mallery , [ 100 ] a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist who was a supporter of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact hypotheses.
The frozen continent of Antarctica was the last continent humanity set foot on. The first documented landings made below the Antarctic Circle took place in 1820, when Admiral Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and the crew of the Vostok and Mirny, as part of the Russian Antarctic Expedition, made land at Peter I Island and Alexander Island.
Left to right: Roald Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel and Oscar Wisting after first reaching the South Pole on 16 December 1911. The Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was an era in the exploration of the continent of Antarctica which began at the end of the 19th century, and ended after the First World War; the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition of 1921–1922 is often cited by historians ...
In 2019, New Zealand unveiled its intentions to revamp the decades-old Antarctica base. Since then, projected costs have surged by more than 50%, prompting the new government that came into power ...
New Swabia (Norwegian and German: Neuschwabenland) was an area of Antarctica explored and briefly claimed by Nazi Germany within the Norwegian territorial claim of Queen Maud Land in early 1939. The region was named after the expedition's ship, Schwabenland , itself named after the German region of Swabia .