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The disposition of the castra reflects the most important zones of the empire from a military point of view. Many castra were disposed along frontiers particularly in Northern and Central Europe. Another focal point was the Eastern border, where the Roman Empire confronted one of its long-term enemies, the Persian Empire. Other castra were ...
Before 1768: An enlargeable territorial map of California tribal groups and languages prior to European contact within the modern day borders. Before 1768: An enlargeable map of the world showing the dividing lines for; Pope Alexander VI's Inter caetera papal bull (1493), the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and the Treaty of Saragossa (1529).
The 1562 map of the Americas, created by Spanish cartographer Diego Gutiérrez, which applied the name California for the first time.. California was the name given to a mythical island populated only by beautiful Amazon warriors, as depicted in Greek myths, using gold tools and weapons in the popular early 16th-century romance novel Las Sergas de Esplandián (The Adventures of Esplandián) by ...
The borders encompass the historic homelands of the Indigenous peoples of California, in numerous tribal territories present for over 10,000 years. The region was claimed for Spain in 1542, later becoming a Spanish colony (1768—1821), a territory of independent Mexico (1821—1848), and a provisional territory of the U.S. (1848-1850).
These California land grants were made by Spanish (1784–1821) and Mexican (1822–1846) authorities of Las Californias and Alta California to private individuals before California became part of the United States of America. [1] Under Spain, no private land ownership was allowed, so the grants were more akin to free leases.
Harvest Empire: A History of California Agriculture (1982) (ISBN 0-87835-131-0) Lindsay, Brendan C. (2015). Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846-1873. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803269668. Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873 ...
The listings in the state of California express the diversity of California's heritage, including pre-Columbian peoples, the Spanish and Mexican periods, maritime activity, space exploration, and many other themes. Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, a National Historic Landmark since 1986
Castra (pl.) is a Latin term used during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire for a military 'camp', and castrum (sg. ) [ 1 ] for a ' fort '. [ 2 ] Either could refer a building or plot of land, used as a fortified military base .