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  2. List of popes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes

    Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial). This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.

  3. History of the papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy

    A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of an Ideology and Institution (Brill, 2016) online; Moorhead, John. The Popes and the Church of Rome in Late Antiquity (Routledge, 2015) Noble, Thomas F.X. "The Papacy in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries". New Cambridge Medieval History, v. 2: c. 700–c.900, ed. Rosamund McKiterrick (Cambridge UP, 1995).

  4. History of the papacy (1048–1257) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048...

    The pope called for a “War of the Cross,” or Crusade, to retake the holy lands from the unbelievers. France, the pope said, was already overcrowded and the Holy Lands of Canaan were overflowing with milk and honey. Pope Urban II asked the Frenchmen to turn their swords in favor of God's service, and the assembly replied "Dieu le veult!"

  5. List of popes by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country

    Coat of Arms of the Holy See. This page is a list of popes by country of origin. They are listed in chronological order within each section. As the office of pope has existed for almost two millennia, many of the countries of origin of popes no longer exist, and so they are grouped under their modern equivalents.

  6. Papal appointment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_appointment

    According to Catholic doctrine, Jesus appointed Saint Peter as the first pope. Papal appointment was a medieval method of selecting the Pope. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers; however, Papal selection before 1059 was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by the preceding ...

  7. List of popes (graphical) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)

    Plaque commemorating popes buried in St Peter's Basilica. This is a graphical list of the popes of the Catholic Church. While the term pope (Latin: Papa, 'Father') is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders, in English usage, this title generally refers to the supreme head of the Catholic Church and of the Holy See.

  8. Avignon Papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy

    The Avignon Papacy (Occitan: Papat d'Avinhon; French: Papauté d'Avignon) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of France) rather than in Rome (now the capital of Italy). [1]

  9. Church and state in medieval Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_state_in...

    The traditional social stratification of the Occident in the 15th century. Church and state in medieval Europe was the relationship between the Catholic Church and the various monarchies and other states in Europe during the Middle Ages (between the end of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century to their end in the East in the fifteenth century and the beginning of the [Modern era]]).