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Acute limb ischemia may also be caused by traumatic disruption of blood flow to a limb, which may present with either hard signs or soft signs of vascular injury. [15] Hard signs include pulsatile bleeding, expanding hematomas (collections of blood), or absent distal pulses, and must be taken to surgery emergently.
These findings include a "corkscrew" appearance of arteries that result from vascular damage, particularly the arteries in the region of the wrists and ankles. Collateral circulation gives "tree root" or "spider leg" appearance. [1] Angiograms may also show occlusions (blockages) or stenosis (narrowings) in multiple areas of both the arms and legs.
External bleeding is generally described in terms of the origin of the blood flow by vessel type. The basic categories of external bleeding are: Arterial bleeding: As the name suggests, blood flow originating in an artery. With this type of bleeding, the blood is typically bright red to yellowish in colour, due to the high degree of oxygenation.
The major tissues affected are nerves and muscles, where irreversible damage starts to occur after 4–6 hours of cessation of blood supply. [4] Skeletal muscle, the major tissue affected, is still relatively resistant to infarction compared to the heart and brain because its ability to rely on anaerobic metabolism by glycogen stored in the cells may supply the muscle tissue long enough for ...
Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a less common but more severe form of thromboembolism, which can affect various organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, limbs, and mesentery. ATE can cause life-threatening conditions, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, limb ischemia, and mesenteric ischemia.
Smoking tobacco has also been linked to Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans), the acute inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet. [ 98 ] Although cigarette smoking causes a greater increase in the risk of cancer than cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health ...
Possible complications of arterial embolism depend on the site of the obstruction: In the heart it can cause myocardial infarction [2] In the brain, it can cause a transient ischemic attack (TIA), [2] and, in prolonged blood obstruction, stroke. [2] Blockage of arteries that supply arms or legs may result in necrosis and gangrene [1]
An embolism can cause ischemia—damage to an organ from lack of oxygen. [1] A paradoxical embolism is a specific type of embolism in which the embolus travels from the right side of the heart (venous circulation) to the left side of the heart (arterial circulation) and lodges itself in a blood vessel known as an artery. [2]