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  2. Speech scroll - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_scroll

    In art history, a speech scroll (also called a banderole or phylactery) [1] is an illustrative device denoting speech, song, or other types of sound. Developed independently on two continents, the device was in use by artists within Mesoamerican cultures from as early as 650 BC until after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, and 13th and ...

  3. Codex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex

    Codex. The codex ( pl.: codices / ˈkoʊdɪsiːz /) [1] was the historical ancestor of the modern book. Instead of being composed of sheets of paper, it used sheets of vellum, papyrus, or other materials. The term codex is often used for ancient manuscript books, with handwritten contents. [2] A codex is bound by stacking the pages and securing ...

  4. Scroll - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll

    A scroll is usually partitioned into pages, which are sometimes separate sheets of papyrus or parchment glued together at the edges. Scrolls may be marked divisions of a continuous roll of writing material. The scroll is usually unrolled so that one page is exposed at a time, for writing or reading, with the remaining pages rolled and stowed to ...

  5. History of scrolls - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scrolls

    History of scrolls. A scroll (from the Old French escroe or escroue) is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing. [ 1] The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound ...

  6. List of oldest documents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_documents

    The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.

  7. Transmission of the Greek Classics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek...

    The transmission of the Greek Classics to Latin Western Europe during the Middle Ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in Western Europe. [1] Interest in Greek texts and their availability was scarce in the Latin West during the Early Middle Ages, but as traffic to the East increased, so did Western scholarship.

  8. Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages

    Middle Ages. In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD. It is the second of the three traditional divisions of Western history: antiquity, medieval, and modern. Major developments include the economic predominance of agriculture, exploitation of the ...

  9. Byzantine illuminated manuscripts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_illuminated...

    10th-century illumination in the Paris Psalter which depicts the life of King David, traditionally regarded as the author of the Book of Psalms. In total there are 14 images throughout the psalter. Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were produced across the Byzantine Empire, some in monasteries but others in imperial or commercial workshops.