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2. Subtraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction

   Subtraction is an operation that represents removal of objects from a collection. [ 1 ] For example, in the adjacent picture, there are 5 − 2 peaches—meaning 5 peaches with 2 taken away, resulting in a total of 3 peaches. Therefore, the difference of 5 and 2 is 3; that is, 5 − 2 = 3.

3. Casting out nines - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_out_nines

   Casting out nines. Casting out nines is any of three arithmetical procedures: [1] Adding the decimal digits of a positive whole number, while optionally ignoring any 9s or digits which sum to 9 or a multiple of 9. The result of this procedure is a number which is smaller than the original whenever the original has more than one digit, leaves ...

4. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg system. The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Russian engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being in a Nazi concentration camp.

5. Elementary arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetic

   Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Due to its low level of abstraction, broad range of application, and position as the foundation of all mathematics, elementary arithmetic is generally the first branch of mathematics taught in schools. [1][2]

6. Plus and minus signs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs

   The subtraction operator: a binary operator to indicate the operation of subtraction, as in 5 − 3 = 2. Subtraction is the inverse of addition. [1] The function whose value for any real or complex argument is the additive inverse of that argument. For example, if x = 3, then −x = −3, but if x = −3, then −x = +3. Similarly, −(−x) = x.

7. Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_in_Numbers...

   [3] On the basis of this, and of the average score of this group of 10 students, the author concluded that "although they did not receive instruction in the use of the standard algorithms, the children in the Constructivist group were the most successful at both two-digit addition and subtraction." Many research reports demonstrating the ...