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At present, there is no widely accepted theory of emotional development that systematically guides research (Pollak et al., 2019). However, most theories agree that emotional development is intimately tied to cognitive development and is driven by social factors (Buss et al., 2019, Camras, 2022).
Erikson’s theory outlines 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. At each stage, individuals face a conflict between two opposing states that shapes personality. Successfully resolving the conflicts leads to virtues like hope, will, purpose, and integrity.
Emotional development, the emergence of the experience, expression, understanding, and regulation of emotions from birth and the growth and change in these capacities throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, occurring in conjunction with neural, cognitive, and behavioral development.
Verywell / JR Bee. Table of Contents. History. Importance. Top Theories. Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. These developmental theories center on various aspects of growth, including social, emotional, and cognitive development.
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development describes 8 stages that play a role in the development of personality and psychological skills.
In this chapter, we review several theories of emotional development. For each, we address definitions and basic tenets, we ask what “develops” and how emotions change with age.
Erik Erikson formulated a theory of psychosocial development that posited that development is organized around eight age-graded developmental tasks. At each age, infants, children, adolescents, and adults, negotiate target developmental tasks that are specific to that period of development.
As enshrined in most psychology textbooks of the time, emotion was considered to be largely (and at best) an epiphenomenon, as represented by the two-factor theory that defined emotion as the cognitive labeling of physiological arousal (Schachter & Singer, 1962).
This handbook offers a comprehensive review of the research on emotional development. It examines research on individual emotions, including happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust, as well as self-conscious, pro-social, and moral emotions. Chapters address the roles of cognition and context.
We urge emotional development researchers to read the available theories, summarized in this chapter, and to consider their positions on how they define emotion and how they conceptualize developmental change in emotion or aspects of emotional functioning.